Consider Yourself Served: The Rules Haven�t Changed, But Technology Has
Each day, information technology professionals face new challenges on how information is created, retained, and preserved within their organizations. Numerous ways have been developed to accomplish these tasks and are usually sufficient. But are companies confident in their process for organizing and preserving data in a way that would hold up in a court of law?
When litigation is pending, an organization has a legal obligation to preserve information and correspondence that may be relevant to the case. In the past, preservation was done literally by collecting and boxing up documents and letters that would be needed to support the case. Today the same preservation obligation applies for litigation, yet the vast majority of documents are electronic. Collection and storage become much larger challenges. And when you add in big data, storage in the cloud, and the blurred lines between personal and business work on mobile devices, things get complicated.
More than 10 years ago, there was a landmark legal opinion about the obligations surrounding preservation of electronic data. In Zubulake v. UBS Warburg LLC, the judge issued several directives that have stood the test of time. These directives included defining the "trigger event" as once a party reasonably anticipates litigation. They describe the importance of key players, suspending routine document retention and destruction policies, and putting in place an effective litigation hold to ensure the preservation of relevant documents.
Numerous subsequent court opinions have formed the foundation regarding the duty to preserve. The primary concept is that, if we don't preserve relevant information that is evidence, we don't have a judicial system.
For example, what happens when a lawsuit is filed against your organization, information is requested, and it no longer exists? Your company has automatic document retention and deletion programs and failed to turn off the auto-delete feature. Evidence that you are required to produce, or that may be critical to defending the organization, is deleted or can't be located easily.
Failing to take reasonable steps to preserve information is considered a negligent or, worse, gross negligent action, and it is clearly unacceptable by the courts. Ten years ago, companies may not have paid attention to preservation all that often. Yet in the intervening years, a number of best-practices have become the standard on which reasonableness and good faith are measured. One guideline stands out in particular: Issue a litigation hold at the onset of litigation or whenever the litigation is reasonably expected.
Additional concepts from the Zubulake v. UBS Warburg opinion 10 years ago are now rock-solid expectations. Attorneys and company executives need to communicate directly with the key players in the litigation and emphasize the importance of preserving data. Numerous cases have since reinforced this as an essential practice.
Not just an issue for the defendants
The requirement to preserve data is not just for one side of the case. Plaintiffs and defendants both have an obligation to preserve. One recent opinion of note was issued in August 2013 in Sekisui v. Hart. The judge said the plaintiffs did not instigate a legal hold for more than 15 months after sending notice of claim to the defendants. Note that these are the plaintiffs.
In the last year or two, eight to 10 individual employee lawsuits have been dismissed for failure to preserve Facebook and other social media, text messages, email, and other records connected to the case.
So why do courts continue to revisit this issue of preserving evidence? We call this technological disconnect. Attorneys today need to understand metadata, legacy, archive, forensics, smartphones, Twitter, backup drives, etc. They have to understand all that information in order to apply the rules of procedure and discovery.
E-discovery now falls within the scope of a lawyer providing competent representation to a client. Meeting that challenge requires working with IT professionals, educating key players, streamlining processes, and paying attention to the legal guidelines set forth. Attorneys may argue that so much data makes the legal hold process complex. Admittedly, it takes time to understand and address the technological issues, but systems and best-practices have been developed for this purpose.
The risks associated with failing to respond in a timely and effective manner in response to a duty to preserve data can be catastrophic to a case. One consequence can be what is known as an adverse inference, a legal situation in which a court concludes that evidence not produced should be inferred to be unfavorable to the party being asked to provide it. Silence or refusal to cooperate can be taken as a suggestion that wrongdoing occurred, and that someone tried to cover it up. A lack of a legal hold process, or a haphazard approach to saving and preserving data, could easily yield this scenario. Courts have shown an increasing willingness to impose serious sanctions when a party ignores a duty to preserve.
Technology and mobile computing have provided fantastic tools for businesses, yet new challenges have cropped up because of them. Now we just need to implement the same advances to the solutions. The challenges created by technology can be solved by technology.
Brad Harris is VP of Legal Products at Zapproved. Brad has more than 25 years of experience in the high technology and enterprise software sectors, including assisting Fortune 1000 companies enhance their e-discovery preparedness through technology and process improvement. ... View Full Bio
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